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@#Abstract: Objective To analyze the recent cluster outbreaks of imported malaria and explore the risks, challenges and countermeasures for dealing with such events during malaria post-elimination era of malaria, and to provide reference for effectively addressing the risks and consolidating the achievements of malaria elimination. Methods The individual malaria case data from "The Information System for Infectious Disease Surveillance" and "The Information System For Parasitic Diseases Prevention And Control" were collected，and the diagnosis classification, infection source, time and space distribution of cases were analyzed. Results From January 1 to August 11, 2022, a total of 429 malaria cases were reported nationwide, an 18.9% decrease compared to the same period last year (529 cases), all of which were imported cases. The overall weekly trend of the outbreak remained stable, but since Week 31 (July 25-31), there has been a significant increase in the number of cases, with a peak on August 5. From July 25 to August 11, 2022, a total of 162 malaria cases were reported nationwide, up 315.4% from 39 cases in the same period last year, accounting for 37.8% of the total cases up to August 11, 2022. The main source of imported infections was Guinea (95 cases, 58.6%), with most cases reported in Longgang District, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province (30 cases), Shilin County, Kunming City, Yunnan Province (21 cases), Chaoyang District, Beijing (11 cases), and Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province (7 cases). Conclusions Due to the concentration of returnees to China, several entry port cities simultaneously experienced cluster outbreaks of imported malaria, which brought immense pressure and challenges to local medical and health institutions. Health facilities at all levels need to maintain high vigilance and sensitivity, be well prepared, and avoid death and secondary transmission caused by imported cases.
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We aimed to assess the risks of
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Humans , China , Cryptosporidiosis/microbiology , Cryptosporidium/isolation & purification , Giardia/isolation & purification , Giardiasis/microbiology , Risk Assessment , Water Microbiology , Water Supply/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
Objective:To clarify the effect of Fangfeng Tongshengtang on early-stage serum endotoxin (ET) and programmed death-1/programmed ligand-1(PD-1/PD-L1) in patients with hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure（HBV-ACLF）(early-stage), and exploring the mechanism of Fangfeng Tongshengtang in the treatment of early stage HBV-ACLF. Method:The 69 patients with early stage HBV-ACLF were enrolled in the study and all of them received antiviral drugs, liver protection and jaundice relieving drugs as well as supporting therapy. According to the random number table, 35 patients were randomly assigned to observation group (to take Fangfeng Tongshengtang, and 34 patients were assigned to control group to take placebo. The observation period was 3 weeks in both groups. Before treatment and 1, 2, and 3 weeks after treatment, theserum ET, expression of PD-1/PD-L1 in serum CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, liver function [alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin (Alb), total bilirubin (TBIL), and direct bilirubin (DBIL)], coagulation function [prothrombin time (PT), and prothrombin activity (PTA)] were detected to verify the effect of Fangfeng Tongshengtang on HBV-ACLF (early-stage). Result:After 3 weeks of treatment, ET, expression of serum CD4+PD-1+, CD4+PD-L1+, CD8+PD-1+, CD8+PD-L1+, ALT, AST, TBIL, DBIL, and PT decreased significantly (P<0.01), while Alb and PTA increased significantly（P<0.01）in both groups. As compared with the control group, the ET in observation group was lower at 1st, 2nd and 3rd week after treatment (P<0.01), the CD4+PD-1+, CD4+PD-L1+, CD8+PD-1+ and CD8+PD-L1+ in observation group were lower at 2nd week and 3rd week（P<0.05, P<0.01）， the ALT, AST, TBIL and DBIL in observation group were lower at 1st, 2nd and 3rd week（P<0.05, P<0.01）， the PT in observation group was lower at 2nd and 3rd week（P<0.05）， and the PTA in observation group was higher at the 2nd and 3rd week（P<0.01）. Conclusion:Fangfeng Tongshengtang can achieve the therapeutic effect for HBV-ACLF (early-stage) probably by reducing the serum ET and the expression of PD-1 / PD-L1 in serum CD4 +, CD8 + T cells.
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Objective To detect the chloroquine-resistant molecular marker polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum imported into China, investigate the mutation types of P. falciparum chloroquine resistant transporter (Pfcrt) gene at positions 72 to 76, and analyze the specificity of the P. falciparum specimens with different origins. Methods A total of 674 filter paper blood samples were collected from the National Malaria Diagnosis Reference Laboratory of China in 2012 and 2018. The amino acid po- sitions 72 to 76 of the Pfcrt gene on chromosome 7 were amplified using nested PCR assay and sequenced, and the sequencing results of the target gene fragment and the geographical region-specific prevalence of the mutations in the Pfcrt gene were analyzed. Results Among the 674 imported P. falciparum malaria cases in China in 2012 and 2018, 99.5% (644/674) were from Africa, which were predominantly from western and central Africa (80.4%, 518/644), and 4.5% (30/674) from Southeast Asia and Oceania (Papua New Guinea). A total of 4 site mutations (C72S, M74I, N75E and K76T) and 5 haplotypes (CVMNK, CVIET and SVMNT and two mixed types) were identified, with haplotypes CVMNK and CVIET present in parasites of both African and Southeast Asian origins, SVMNT detected in Southeast Asia (Myanmar) and Papua New Guinea isolates, the mixed type of haplo- types CVMNK/CVIET detected in P. falciparum of African and Southeast Asian origins, and the mixed type of haplotypes CVMNK/SVMNT detected only in the Myanmar isolate. Most P. falciparum parasites of the African origin carried the wild-type Pfcrt allele (77.7%, 478/615), and 68.0% (17/25) of the P. falciparum parasites of the Southeast Asian and Papua New Guinea or- igins harbored chloroquine resistant molecular markers (χ2 = 28.5, P < 0.05). The constituent ratio of the wild- and mutant-type Pfcrt allele varied in different geographical regions of Africa (P < 0.01), and the lowest prevalence of the wild-type Pfcrt allele was seen in western Africa. Conclusion Among the 674 imported malaria cases in China in 2012 and 2018, the P. falciparum imported from Sotheast Asia habors a higher proportion of resistance to chloroquine and a higher molecular polymophism at ami- no acid positions 72 to 76 of the Pfcrt gene than the parasite of the African origin.
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Objective To compare the performance of modified Kato-Katz thick smear method (KK method) and PCR assay in field detection of Clonorchis sinensis in human fecal samples, which provides insight into the selection of tools for detecting C. sinensis. Methods Based on the epidemiological investigation of human C. sinensis infections in Tengxian County of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in 2016, a total of 133 fecal samples were randomly selected and stored at -20 ℃. All fecal samples were detected for C. sinensis infection using KK method and PCR assay, and the detection rate was compared between the two techniques. In addition, Kappa test was used to evaluate the consistency between the two methods. Results Among all fecal samples, the overall detection rate of C. sinensis was 77.44% (103/133), and the detection rate was significantly higher by PCR assay (70.68%, 93/133) than by KK method (57.14%, 76/133) (χ2 = 26.15, P < 0.01). There were 88.16% (67/76) of the microscopy-positive fecal samples positive for PCR assay, and 47.37% (27/57) of the microscopy-negative fecal samples positive for PCR assay. The detection rate of C. sinensis by PCR assay (94.74%, 18/19) was higher in fecal samples with EPG of > 1 000 than in samples with EPG of < 1 000 (85.96%, 49/57) (χ2 = 1.05, P = 0.436). The consistency of the detection rate of C. sinensis was moderate between the KK method and PCR assay (Kappa = 0.73). Conclusions The detection rate of C. sinensis by PCR assay is significantly higher than by KK method. In low-endemic areas of C. sinensis infections, the combination of KK method and PCR assay is suggested, so as to improve the detection rate.
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Objective To compare the performance of modified Kato-Katz thick smear method (KK method) and PCR assay in field detection of Clonorchis sinensis in human fecal samples, which provides insight into the selection of tools for detecting C. sinensis. Methods Based on the epidemiological investigation of human C. sinensis infections in Tengxian County of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in 2016, a total of 133 fecal samples were randomly selected and stored at -20 ℃. All fecal samples were detected for C. sinensis infection using KK method and PCR assay, and the detection rate was compared between the two techniques. In addition, Kappa test was used to evaluate the consistency between the two methods. Results Among all fecal samples, the overall detection rate of C. sinensis was 77.44% (103/133), and the detection rate was significantly higher by PCR assay (70.68%, 93/133) than by KK method (57.14%, 76/133) (χ2 = 26.15, P < 0.01). There were 88.16% (67/76) of the microscopy-positive fecal samples positive for PCR assay, and 47.37% (27/57) of the microscopy-negative fecal samples positive for PCR assay. The detection rate of C. sinensis by PCR assay (94.74%, 18/19) was higher in fecal samples with EPG of > 1 000 than in samples with EPG of < 1 000 (85.96%, 49/57) (χ2 = 1.05, P = 0.436). The consistency of the detection rate of C. sinensis was moderate between the KK method and PCR assay (Kappa = 0.73). Conclusions The detection rate of C. sinensis by PCR assay is significantly higher than by KK method. In low-endemic areas of C. sinensis infections, the combination of KK method and PCR assay is suggested, so as to improve the detection rate.
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OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the association between rotator cuff tear and the proximal migration of humeral head.@*METHODS@#In this research, we retrospectively selected 30 patients with unilateral rotator cuff tear in Peking University People's Hospital from September 2015 to May 2016, who received magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and X-ray of the painful shoulder before enrollment in this study, the duration between the two examinations was no longer than 1 week, and also there was no past history of surgery in the selected shoulders. There was no other exclusion criteria. Upward migration index (UMI) was the ratio between the distance of humeral head center to the lower surface of acromion, and the radius of humeral head circle, which could help to minimize the effect of anatomy difference and imaging magnification, compared with the traditional acromiohumeral distance (AHD). Then we introduced this index to stratify the selected 30 patients into 3 groups, and each group contained 10 patients, UMI of group 1 was >1 and ≤1.2, UMI of group 2 was >1.2 and ≤1.4, UMI of group 3 was >1.4. As the supraspinatus was most commonly affected by pathological change among the four rotator cuff tendons, we took it as the research object. Then we used the Spearman correlation analysis to evaluate the relationship between UMI and fatty degeneration, rotator cuff tear size and the thickness of ruptured supraspinatus tendon from X-ray and MRI.@*RESULTS@#In the A-P view, the average UMI was 1.33 (1.02-1.51, SD: ±0.22). UMI and the tear size had a significant negative correlation (R=-0.584, P<0.01), and also there was a negative correlation between the fatty degeneration of the supraspinatus (R=-0.312, P=0.033). However, there was no correlation between UMI and the thickness of ruptured supraspinatus (R=0.127, P=0.071).@*CONCLUSION@#UMI is related with the fatty degeneration of supraspinatus and the tear size. The reduction of UMI is a predictable and reliable mark of rotator cuff tear and degeneration in clinic. Physicians can use physical examination and X-ray first when facing the patients with shoulder pain, which is convenient and helpful for evaluating rotator cuff tears.
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Humans , Humeral Head , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Retrospective Studies , Rotator Cuff , Rotator Cuff Injuries , Shoulder JointABSTRACT
Objective To compare the genetic diversity of imported Plasmodium falciparum by Polyα and TAA87 microsatellite markers in Southeast Asian and African geographical isolates. Methods Ninety-two and 126 filter paper samples from patients infected with P. falciparum from Southeast Asia (Myanmar) and Africa (Ghana) were collected, respectively. Two neutral microsatellite loci, Polyα and TAA87 were amplified by PCR. The length of PCR fragments was detected by capillary electrophoresis. The allele frequency and expected heterozygosity (He) were calculated by Excel 2010 and GenALEx 6.0 software. Results A total of 146 P. falciparum samples were analyzed as single infection samples with a total of 26 alleles in locus Polyα and 12 alleles in locus TAA87. The mean He value of the two loci was 0.86 ± 0.02. Ten alleles in locus Polyα and 8 alleles in locus TAA87 were distributed in Myanmar isolates, with the He values of 0.86 and 0.81 respectively. Fifteen alleles in locus Polyα and 11 in locus TAA87 were detected in Ghana isolates, with the He values of 0.91 and 0.86 respectively. In addition, the haplotype of 174 bp (Polyα) and 113 bp (TAA87) were only detected in Myanmar isolates with more than 17% gene frequency, whereas they were absent in Ghana isolates. Conclusions The two different geographical sources of imported P. falciparum strains have different allele frequencies and haplotypes at the two neutral microsatellite markers, Polyα and TAA87. Therefore, these two microsatellite loci may be considered as the potential molecular marker candidates for identifying P. falciparum strains with different geographical sources.
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Objective To compare the genetic diversity of imported Plasmodium falciparum by Polyα and TAA87 microsatellite markers in Southeast Asian and African geographical isolates. Methods Ninety-two and 126 filter paper samples from patients infected with P. falciparum from Southeast Asia (Myanmar) and Africa (Ghana) were collected, respectively. Two neutral microsatellite loci, Polyα and TAA87 were amplified by PCR. The length of PCR fragments was detected by capillary electrophoresis. The allele frequency and expected heterozygosity (He) were calculated by Excel 2010 and GenALEx 6.0 software. Results A total of 146 P. falciparum samples were analyzed as single infection samples with a total of 26 alleles in locus Polyα and 12 alleles in locus TAA87. The mean He value of the two loci was 0.86 ± 0.02. Ten alleles in locus Polyα and 8 alleles in locus TAA87 were distributed in Myanmar isolates, with the He values of 0.86 and 0.81 respectively. Fifteen alleles in locus Polyα and 11 in locus TAA87 were detected in Ghana isolates, with the He values of 0.91 and 0.86 respectively. In addition, the haplotype of 174 bp (Polyα) and 113 bp (TAA87) were only detected in Myanmar isolates with more than 17% gene frequency, whereas they were absent in Ghana isolates. Conclusions The two different geographical sources of imported P. falciparum strains have different allele frequencies and haplotypes at the two neutral microsatellite markers, Polyα and TAA87. Therefore, these two microsatellite loci may be considered as the potential molecular marker candidates for identifying P. falciparum strains with different geographical sources.
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Shuxiong prescription (Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Chuanxiong Rhizome and Carthami Flos) has the function of activating blood circulation to dissipate blood stasis, activating meridians to stop pain. This paper was mainly aimed to discuss the transport characteristics of Shuxiong prescription across Caco-2 cell monolayer. Safe concentration range of Shuxiong prescription against Caco-2 cell monolayer model was determined by MTT assay. The mechanism of Shuxiong prescription bidirectional transport was investigated by Caco-2 cell monolayer model. The apparent permeability coefficient Papp of digoxin was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The test results showed that the Papp of extract from Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Chuanxiong Rhizome, Carthami Flos, Chuanxiong Rhizome+Carthami Flos and Shuxiong prescription transport from apical (AP) side to basolateral (BL) side was (3.12±0.73)×10⁻⁶, (2.58±0.41)×10⁻⁶, (4.97±0.64)×10⁻⁶, (4.63±0.57)×10⁻⁶, (5.79±0.68)×10⁻⁶ cm·s⁻¹, respectively, indicating that the transport of digoxin across Caco-2 cell monolayer model was active absorption, and the P-gp protein took part in the process. Chuanxiong Rhizome could significantly decrease the transport of digoxin from BL→AP(<0.01) and increase its transport from AP→BL(<0.05) significantiy. After the addition of Shuxiong prescription, the transport of digoxin from BL→AP was significantly inhibited(<0.01). The results suggested that the extract of safflower had no effect on P-gp transport, nor on the independence diffusion of digoxin. The transport of digoxin could be degraded by the extract of Chuanxiong Rhizome and the extract of Shuxiong prescription from BL→AP(<0.01), significantly; pseudo-ginseng had no effect on the independence diffusion of digoxin; the extract of safflower+Chuanxiong Rhizome had the same experimental result as Chuanxiong Rhizome extract.
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Humans , Biological Transport , Caco-2 Cells , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Digoxin , Pharmacokinetics , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , PharmacokineticsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Previous studies have observed the expression of formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) in neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) and confirmed that FPRs can promote the migration of NSPCs and induce them to differentiate into neurons. FPRs ligands are present in damaged tissues, but the binding of different ligands with FPRs may lead to different and even opposite biological effects. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect on the differentiation of NSPCs into neurons after the binding of the ligands produced following spinal cord injury with FPRs. METHODS: Immunofluorescence staining, western blot and flow cytometry were used to analyze the expression of FPRs in NSPCs. Immunofluorescent staining with confocal microscope detection was used to analyze the effect of homogenates of the spinal cord on the differentiation of FPR1+or FPR2+NSPCs into neurons. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Some of NSPCs expressed FPR1 and FPR2, not only on the cell membrane, but also in the cytoplasm. The expression level of FPR1 was obviously lower than that of FPR2. The homogenate group for FPR1+or FPR2+NSPCs could produce more β-III tubulin-positive cells and fewer GFAP-positive astrocytes, and the effects could be blocked by FPR1 or FPR2 inhibitor Boc2 or WRW4. These experimental findings show that the spinal cord homogenate can induce FPR1 or FPR2 positive NSPCs to differentiate into neurons and inhibit their differentiation to astrocytes, and moreover, this effect is specific.
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Objective To quantitatively determine the bioactive chemical components, polysaccharides, total flavonoids and total saponins, in the Astragali radix from the Liupan mountain area (Liupan mountain Astragali radix) in Ningxia of China. Methods With colorimetry and high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light-scattering detection (HPLC-ELSD), the total quantity of polysaccharides flavonoids and saponins were determined for the one year-old and four years-old Liupan mountain Astragali radix, which was further analyzed in comparison with the results of the Astragali radix from Shanxi province (Shanxi Astragali radix) of China. Results The content of total polysaccharides, total flavonoids and total saponins was 4.10％, 0.088％ and 4.67％, respectively, in the four-year-old Liupan mountain Astragali radix. Among them, the total polysaccharide content was higher than that in Shanxi Astragali radix, the others were all lower than those in Shanxi Astragali radix. Further, the contents of the three total components in the one year-old Liupan mountain Astragali radix were all lower than those in the four years-old Liupan mountain Astragali radix and in the Shanxi Astragali radix. Conclusion Prolonging the growth period could significantly increase total content of the polysaccharides but not the flavonoids and saponins in the Liupan mountain Astragali radix.
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Purpose To investigate the clinicopathological features,diagnosis and differential diagnosis,and genetic alteration of lung cribriform adenocarcinoma (LCA).Methods Clinicopathological features and immunophenotype were retrospectively evaluated in twenty LCA cases collected from Fujian Provincial Hospital,combined with genetic mutation analysis of EGFR.Results The tumors occurred in 5 women and 15 men aged from 39 to 74 years (median =59.25).Diameter of masses ranged from 1.5-5.5 cm (median =3.265).Histologically,the tumors were unencapsulated and were divided by fibrous septa into lobules.Major parts of the lesions were composed of areas with solid and microcystic growth patterns.The most striking cytological feature was that the tumor cell nuclei were pale staining with a ground glass feature,and they often appeared to overlap.Immunephenotypically,the tumor cells were positive for TTF-1(20/20),Napsin A (18/20),SPB(19/20),CK7(20/20),CD56 (2/20),EGFR (7/20),β-catenin (4/20),ALK (2/20).Tg,CDX-2,Syn,CgA,S-100 and SMA were negative.Gene mutation detection confirmed that EGFR genes were mutating in nine cases,and eleven cases were wild type.The twenty cases were all performed for the completely surgical resection.20 cases accepted chemotherapy,and 4 cases unaccepted chemotherapy.Conclusion LCA is a rare tumor with distinct morphologic feature.Clinically and pathologically,it needs to differentiate from alveolus adenocarcinoma,adenoid cystic carcinoma and papillary carcinoma of the thyroid,and so on.The primary treatment for LCA is completely surgical excision and chemotherapy.Otherwise its prognosis is poor.
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Reference intervals and decision limits are critical parts of the clinical laboratory report.The evaluation ot their correct use represents a tool to verify the post analytical quality.Four elements are identified as indicators:① The use of decision limits for lipids and glycated hemoglobin.② The use of common reference values.③The presence of gender-related reference intervals for at least the following common serum measurands (besides obviously the fertility relate hormones):alkaline phosphatase (ALP),alanine aminotransferase (ALT),creatine kinase (CK),creatinine,gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT),IgM,ferritin,iron,transferrin,urate,red blood cells (RBC),hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (HCT).④) The presence of age-related reference intervals.The problem of specific reference intervals for elderly people is discussed,but their use is not recommended.On the contrary it is necessary the presence of pediatric age-related reference intervals at least for the following common serum measurands:ALP,amylase,creatinine,inorganic phosphate,lactate dehydrogenase,aspartate aminotransferase,urate,insulin like growth factor 1,white blood cells,RBC,Hb,HCT,alfafetoprotein and fertility related hormones.The lack of such reference intervals may imply significant risks for the patients.
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Important objectives of external quality assessment (EQA) is to detect analytical errors and urge laboratories to take corresponding corrective actions.The paper described knowledge required to interpret EQA results and present a structured approach on how to handle unacceptable EQA results.The interpretation of EQA results depends on five key points:the control material,the target value,the number of replicates,the acceptance limits and between lot variations in reagents.When there are unacceptable EQA results,these factors may be the sources of errors.The ideal EQA sample has two important properties:having no matrix effects;having a target value established with a reference method.If either of these two criteria is not entirely fulfilled,results not related to the performance of the laboratory may arise.To help and guide the laboratories in handling an unacceptable EQA result,National Center for Clinical Laboratories has developed a preliminary investigation on the sources of errors and corrective actions for nonconforming EQA results in fifteen EQA schemes.Then a flow chart with additional comments was developed based on the investigation and the document of QMS24 to help laboratories improve quality by use of EQA results.
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Objective To investigate the reasons of unacceptable results and corrective measures adopted in external quality assessment (EQA)for blood gas and acid-base analysis.Methods The reasons of unacceptable results and corrective measures for three EQA testing events of blood gas and acid-base analysis in 2016 were reported through EQA system based on web which was developed by National Central for Clinical Laboratories.The responses were divided into seven major groups,including EQA samples,errors in reporting results,methodology,equipments,techniques,EQA evaluations and unexplainable results after survey.Results The disqualified rates of EQA survey on blood gas and acid-base analysis were ranged from 0.5％ to 13.1％ and reporting rates of disqualification causes were ranged from 45.8％ to 69.0％ (except for the groups less than 20 laboratories).In the reasons for unacceptable results technological defects (35.9％ to 37.0％)were mainly associated with inappropriate specimen handling and/or storing,reagents and calibration problems.The defects of equipments (24.4％ to 27.9％) included mainly the malfunction and failure to adhere to scheduled instrument maintenance procedures.The errors in reporting results (12.2％ to 19.7％) were mostly transcription errors and reporting wrong codes.The unexplainable results after survey account for 8.7％ to 9.6％.The methodological defects (8.1％ to 11.8％) were largely attributed to inadequate training and quality control method.The defects of EQA evaluations (0.8％ to 3.3％)were all due to inappropriate grouping.The categorizations of the problems in the three EQA testing events were similar.The most corrective measures were appropriate,in which re-education and training for staff and improvement in instruments,reagents,internal quality control,calibration and process of reporting results were included.Conclusion The analysis and classification for reasons of unacceptable EQA results should be helpful for laboratories in identifying opportunities for improvement and adopting corrective measures in time.
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Objective To propose a practice model for implementing procedures employed for the verification of validated ex-amination procedures already used for at least 2 years in their laboratory,in agreement with the ISO 15189 requirement at the Section 5.5.1.2.Methods In order to identify the operative procedure to be used,approved documents were identified, together with the definition of performance characteristics to be evaluated for the different methods;the examination proce-dures used in laboratory were analyzed and checked for performance specifications reported by manufacturers.Then,opera-tive flow charts were identified to compare the laboratory performance characteristics with those declared by manufacturers. Results The choice of performance characteristics for verification was based on approved documents used as guidance,and the specific purpose tests undertaken,a consideration being made of:imprecision and trueness for quantitative methods;diag-nostic accuracy for qualitative methods;imprecision together with diagnostic accuracy for semi-quantitative methods.Conclu-sion The described approach,balancing technological possibilities,risks and costs and assuring the compliance of the funda-mental component of result accuracy,appears promising as an easily applicable and flexible procedure helping laboratories to comply with the ISO 15189 requirements.
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Objective To evaluate reference intervals consistency of 18 routine biochemistry among mutual recognition labora-tories by analyzing the information of reference intervals of these laboratories in Beijing-Tianjing-Hebei region.Methods Laboratories submitted the data of reference intervals via interval quality assessment(EQA)software which was based on WEB,then the background of the software save the data as Microsoft Excel 2007 document.Finally,the mutual recognition routine biochemical projects,including Kalium(K),Sodium(Na),Chlorinum(Cl),Calcium(Ca),Phosphorus(P),Total protein(TP),Albumin(ALB),Total cholesterol(TC),Triglyceride(TG),Creatinine(CRE),Urea(URE),Uric acid (UA),Glucose(GLU),Alanine amino transaminase(ALT),Aspartate aminotransferase(AST),γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT),Lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)and Creatine kinase(CK)of 56 mutual recognition laboratories were chosen,and perform analysis on upper and lower limits of reference intervals and their sources.Results The sources of reference inter-vals differ among different laboratories.As for projects owning hygiene professional standards(including K,Na,Cl,Ca,P, TP,ALB,CRE,URE,ALT,AST,GGT,LDH,CK),the primary sources were hygiene professional standards(23.1%~48.1%),manufacturer instructions of reagents/instrument(17.3%~41.8%)and National Clinical Laboratory Procedures (18.9% ~37.0%),as for projects which didn't have professional standards(including TC,TG,UA and GLU),the main sources were manufacturer instructions of reagents/instrument(>41.1%)and National Clinical Laboratory Procedures(>45.3%).Moreover,more than half of laboratories(50.9%~58.9%)had verified the reference intervals.There were little difference among laboratories in the upper and lower limits of Cl,Ca,P,K and GLU,but bigger difference for other projects. Conclusion The upper and lower limits of reference intervals werenot consistent among laboratories.In order to ensure the comparability of the test results in beijing-tianjin-hebei region,laboratories should use reference intervals based on the popu-lation of beijing-tianjin-hebei region or China.
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Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) may result in neurovascular unit (NVU) injury,causing cognitive impairment.The NVU consists of neurons,glial cells,vascular cells and extracellular matrix.The damage of NVU can induce the blood-brain barrier dysfunction,abnormal cell signaling,as well as cognitive impairment.However,its molecular mechanism is unclear.Thus,investigating the role of NUV in CCH-induced cognitive impairment may provide a theoretical basis for the novel treatment of cognitive impairment.
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Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers as synthetic gene vectors are efficient gene delivery systems. In this study, a kind of α-cyclodextrin-PAMAM conjugates polymer (CyD-G1) was synthesized as a gene delivery vector. Based on 1H NMR detectation, about 6.4 PAMAM-G1 molecules was grafted onto an α-CD core. Agarose gel electrophoresis revealed that CyD-G1 could efficiently bind with DNA to condense them into nano-scale particles, which showed a similar binding capacity of PEI-25K. Besides, it could protect DNA from DNase I degradation in a low N/P ratio. When N/P ratio in the CyD-G1/DNA polyplex was 40, the average particle size of CyD-G1/DNA polyplex was about 120 nm, and zeta potential was +21 mV. This polyplex could maintain its particle size in serum-containing solution within 360 min. In comparison with PEI-25K carrier, CyD-G1 showed low cytotoxicity in various cell lines. Cell transfection results showed that CyD-G1 efficiently delivered DNA into cells at N/P=80 compared with Lipofectamine 2000 and PEI-25K.Unlike Lipofectamine 2000 and PEI-25K, in serum-containing test condition, CyD-G1/DNA polyplex could maintain the transgene activities. The results of confocal laser scanning microscopy indicated that most DNA entered into cell nuclei within 4 h, and this phenomenon was consistent with the results calculated by flow cytometry. Taken together, CyD-G1 showed good transgene activities and the gene delivery vector could be used not only in vitro but also in vivo.